Photo by Hearth Moon Rising,
The linden is an important tree in herbalism and in the folklore of the Baltic region. This tree belongs to the Latvian goddess Laima (pronounced like the first word in “lima bean”). Her Lithuanian name is Laime. Be careful not to get her confused with the fairy goddess Lauma or the Greek Lamia.
Laima is associated with many trees, but especially the linden; many birds, but especially the cuckoo; and many animals, but especially the cow. Laima is the goddess of birth, fertility, fate and prosperity — goddess qualities that seem to go together. Laima measures the length of the day, the length of a lifespan, the length of a spell of good luck. I have a mental picture of her flying around with a wooden ruler measuring things. (“Baby girl, you are going to be this tall.”)
Photo by Willow.
The linden is the tree more commonly known as basswood in the United States and lime in England. It has soft wood used for musical instruments and a pliable bark used for basket weaving. It is a choice wood for carving. The sweet smelling flowers of the linden are brewed for respiratory and urinary infections. The flowers attract insects, particularly bees, which produce a honey prized for flavor and medicinal qualities. The insects in turn attract birds, as does the linden fruit.
The bird Laima favors is the cuckoo. The reappearance of the Common Cuckoo from her African migration marks the beginning of spring in Europe, and the cuckoo is said to prophesy by her number of calls. According to Marija Gimbutas, “Another folk belief relates that the tree on which the cuckoo sits becomes sacred and imbued with the powers of the goddess. If a person peels a piece of bark or breaks a branch of this tree, he or she will know the cuckoo’s prophesies.”
The cow is the special animal of Laima, also associated with the linden tree. Laima presides over the birth of calves, usually by appearing in the stall as a black snake or a black hen or even a black bug. In one song she appears in the cow stall as a linden tree:
A branchy linden tree grew
In my cattle stall.
This was not a linden tree,
This was Laima of my cows.
Laima produces goats and sheep from her other trees:
All roadsides were covered with Laima’s trees:
From a birch a ewe was born,
From an aspen-tree, a little goat.
It is common in Euro-shamanism for land animals to have a bird form. Here we have sheep and goats with tree forms.
Of course Laima also measures the length of a woman’s pregnancy and presides at the birth of children. She governs the bathhouse and sauna where Latvian women traditionally gave birth. In this role she takes the form of a woman with braided hair bearing linden branches.
Why so swift Mother Laima
With linden twigs in your hand?
To still the tears of a young bride
Who came last year to our land.
Photo by Hearth Moon Rising.
Laima can appear as one goddess, three goddesses, or as many as seven. In various aspects she may be given different titles, such as “Cow Laima” or “Fate Laima.” This is interesting in the context of the linden tree, because its trunk often looks like it has multiple trunks fused together. The American Basswood has several distinct trunks rising from a single base. The linden tree exemplifies the idea of the goddess who is many and one.
Sources:
Evans, Erv. “Scientific name Tilia Americana.” North Carolina State University Cooperative Extention. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/tilia_americana.html
Forler, Scott. “Linden-Lime-Basswood Honey” The Honey Traveler, 2011. http://www.honeytraveler.com/single-flower-honey/linden-lime-basswood-honey/
Gimbutas, Marija. The Living Goddesses. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.
Motz, Lotte. The Faces of the Goddess. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Nix, Steve. “American Basswood, A Common Tree in North America.” About.com. http://forestry.about.com/od/hardwoods/tp/American_Basswood.htm
This article originally appeared July 20, 2012 in Hearth Moon Rising’s Blog. http://hearthmoonblog.com
I learned some very interesting things from reading this essay on the Linden tree…As near as I can tell different trees have special “powers” in all Indigenous cultures and these trees usually have an animal and bird aspect to them.
As a naturalist I pay attention to the trees that seem to draw certain birds and animals to their branches for protection and for food because I am intrigued by these relationships. I think of my guardian tree the northern white cedar who draws the deer in for food and protects a myriad of birds from predation here in Maine.
I recently returned from a trip to Abiquiu New Mexico where I noted that their relatives the mountain cedars perform the same functions in the high desert.
In my home I grow many plants including orchids and I have always noted that the plants that seem to do the best are in the room where my dove Lily B spends his nights and early mornings. After 23 years I am convinced that my plants respond to his singing by growing better and blooming more prolifically.
Interrelationship between trees, birds and animals is either non -existent or poorly understood in today’s culture. If humans really thought about how dependent we are upon trees for breathing we could not continue to slaughter these wise beings with such total dis-regard.
Fascinating!