Ancient Egypt is rightfully seen as the apogee of cat worship. Less well known is the ideological basis of that worship. Even as superstitions of cats as purveyors of evil magic have been supplanted by cute Internet kitties, modern assumptions infuse popular understanding of Egyptian cat worship.
To gain a comprehensive picture of cat worship in Ancient Egypt, we first have to look at lion worship, which predated and informed later worship of the domestic cat. Lion deities abounded in the Nile River Valley. Every locality had a lion deity and a lion cult. As the Nile Valley came under unified political control, lion deities became unified under one name, or other deities acquired lion aspects.
Lions were once native to most countries bordering the Mediterranean, but Egyptians understood a few things about lions that early Greeks and Mesopotamians did not. They knew that lions are felines – related to cats, not dogs. Think about it for a moment: all other wild felines are solitary creatures, living in isolated family groups only to raise young. Lions, on the other hand, live in extended family groups and hunt in a coordinated fashion like some canines.
Another Egyptian insight was that the lioness, not the male lion, is central in the lion pride. The females do most of the hunting, choose their mating partners, and communally nurture young, making decisions for the pride on that basis. The lion mainly eats the food provided by the lioness and fights with other lions.
Jungle Cat goddess defeating snake god. Note the long ears. From the tomb of Inherkha, 1300 B.C.E.
Egyptians remained animal worshippers, only partially anthropomorphizing their animal deities, even as the society became technologically advanced. They incorporated many types of animals into daily life, in temples as divine representatives and in houses as pets. The earliest small feline pet was the Jungle Cat, and this is the cat depicted on papyrus until the African Wildcat, probably imported from the southern kingdom of Nubia, supplanted the native cat as a pet. Egyptian breeding programs with the African Wildcat eventually produced the consistent genetic aberrations from the original animal that are the hallmark of a domesticated species.
Egyptians may not have been the first to keep the African Wildcat as a pet (the jury on that is still out), but all domestic cats today are believed to be descendants of the Egyptian ones, despite initial government efforts to ban feline exports. Aside from differences in appearance, domestic cats differ from their wild ancestor most pointedly in aggression and sociability. While most people don’t consider their affectionate kitty an aggressive animal, the domestic cat is a relentless hunter, to the detriment of bird populations, killing even without eating or caching prey. It’s not difficult to see why this would be a desirable trait in a grain-based economy, but Egyptian cats were valued not only for rodent control but for killing poisonous snakes.
The idea of the sociable cat defies modern stereotypes of the independent creature who, in Rudyard Kipling’s words, “walks by himself,” but domestic cats can and do get along well with one another. Legendary cat fights occur when males fight over fertile females or unrelated cats are brought together. Studies of feral domestic cat populations have found that, unlike the African Wildcat, domestic cats prefer to live in complex social structures when food is plentiful. This makes the domestic cat more like the lion than other felines. Sociability would have been an important trait for populations of domestic cats housed together in temples, and the lion goddess was easier to manage in her diminutive form.
In contrast to other Mediterranean cultures, Egyptian feline deities were goddesses, not gods, and the priesthoods of feline deities were often female. The Egyptian word for cat, “mau,” was a term of endearment for young girls. Cat goddesses had large retinues of female musicians, and the instrument particularly favored was the sistrum. Temple worship was an elite affair for women and men, linked with nobility and government, the liturgies guarded and privileged. In contrast to the Sumerian temples with their accessible architecture, Egyptian temples, closed to the public, housed the important statues and ceremonies inside inner sanctums that even temple personnel might not see. The populace participated in worship during the public festivals, when the gods in their statues would be taken out of their temples into the open air. The most popular festivals were the feline ones, lasting many days. The wine poured freely on these occasions, sexual activity was ubiquitous, and the din from percussion instruments was overpowering.
The most famous Egyptian cat goddess, Bast, was originally a lion goddess who morphed into a domestic cat. In contrast to other lion goddesses, such as Sekhmet, Bast was always a gentle lioness. As synchronization of Egyptian deities progressed, Sekhmet and Bast became aspects of the same feline goddess, with Bast as domestic cat her beneficent aspect. Bast brought fertility, love, children, and health, while the fierce Sekhmet would be invoked for protection.
Sources: See this article.
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Wonderful article articulating both positive and negative aspects of the wild cat… here we have a number of mountain lions that roam the desert hills though I rarely see a glimpse of the actual cat.
One point worth mentioning – I think its a mistake to suggest that early peoples anthropomorphized their animal deities -this is a purely western concept – something used to separate us from our own powerful animal natures… Early peoples embodied the spirit and souls of the animal – goddesses/gods they worshiped combining the two.