[Editor’s Note: This essay to be posted as sequels is from the second volume of the S/HE journal. See S/HE: An International Journal of Goddess Studies (Volume 2 Number 1, 2023). Page numbers and footnote numbers differ in this page.]
Non-Patriarchal Indigenous Titles for Sillan Rulers
The pre-patriarchal matriarchal root of Silla remains largely unexplored. Silla (57 BCE-935) lasted for nearly a millennium with 56 rulers.[1] I have discussed elsewhere that early Sillans operated the political system of a matriarchal republic.[2] They began by appointing the first male head, Hyeokgeose, to the task of defending the western border against ancient China in the subcontinent of East Asia, known as China.[3] Male “rulers” were selected from the three clans, the Bak, the Seok, and the Gim, throughout history.[4] For the lack of a better word, I use the word “ruler.” Sillan rulers should not be equated with a king or an emperor. They were functional, the head administrator of the state. They were the acting male shamans in place of their ancestor shaman mothers. Sillans took linguistics importantly, to distinguish their matriversal identity from the patriarchal rule. Sillan rulers were given the titles other than “the king” or “the emperor.” Sillan titles for rulers evolved over the period of nearly a millennium from Geoseogan (Head of the Western Territory) to Chachaung (the Shaman Head), to Isageum (the Wisest), to Marip-gan (the Highest in Rank) and to Daewang (Ruler the Great) (see [Table 2]).[5] Refusal to adopt the monarchical system of ancient China was reflected in their titles of rulers. Sillans repudiated the Chinese monarchical system for the first six centuries, approximately till the end of the reign of Munmu the Great (r. 661- 681).[6] They abhorred and deplored the patriarchal trend, which was sweeping the subcontinent of East Asia. Contrary to surrendering to the military threats of ancient China armed with the patriarchal monarchical system, Sillans held tightly onto their self-defined political identity, the One People of Mago, the Creatrix.
| Titles | Meaning | Rulers |
| Geoseo-gan | Head of Western Dweller | 1st Hyeokgeose |
| Chachaung | Head Shaman | 2nd Namhae |
| Isageum | The Wisest | 3rd Yuri to 16th Heulhae |
| Marip-gan | The Highest in Rank | 17th Naemul to 23 Mojeukji (Beopheung) |
| Daewang | The Great Ruler | 23rd Beopheung to 56th Gyeongsun |
[Table 2: Sillan Titles for Rulers]
Sillan indigenous titles (Geoseo-gan, Chachaung, Isageum, Marip-gan, and Daewang) for rulers betray the consciousness that sovereignty belongs to Mago, the Creatrix. And human rulers represent the sovereignty of the Creatrix. Sovereignty is not in the hand of humans but in Mago, the Creatrix.[7] Such Magoist political belief is based on the concept of equality or egalitarianism,[8] the legacy bequeathed by their ancestor shaman head mothers. All humans are equal.
Note the title “Daewang (Ruler the Great),” which became in use from the mid-sixth century.[9] Even “Daewang” is not close to the king or the emperor of the patriarchal monarchical system. It is highly possible that “Daewang” refers to the cetacean mother deities in pre-Silla times and was adopted for rulers by Sillan matriarchs.[10] “Yeongdeung Daewang” commonly known as Yeongdeung Halmi (Grand-Mother) is an example. Yeongdeung Halmi is an indigenous deity who controls the wind, the weather, and the sea waves. Note that, in the Jeju myth, Yeongdeung is referred to as Yeongdeung Daewang and enshrined in Hansuri Yeongdeung Shrine.”[11] Foremost, Sillan Daewangs were not enthroned by birth right. Patrilineages of Sillan rulers remained short-lived to three generations for the longest. They were in fact a byproduct of a long and stable matrilineage (see Appendix II). Male historians have made anachronistic errors to read the chronology of Sillan rulers from a later patriarchal perspective. Even during the late period of Silla marked by the absence of the royal matrilineage, Sillan rulers did not form stable patrilineages. Evidence shows that the system of matriarchal republic continued till the end of Silla. The absence of the royal matrilineage only accounts for political chaos and instability. Male rulers and their competitors were caught in rebellions and dethroned by polarized court politics.
(To be continued)
[1] A span of a millennium is a standard unit of time counting in the mytho-history of Magoism. The Danguk confederacy lasted for about a millennium and a half and the Budo Joseon confederacy for about two millennia. Goguryeo (37 BCE-668 or 277 BCE-668) for seven centuries and Baekje (18 BCE-660) for seven centuries. After Unified Silla, Goryeo (935-1392) lasted for about four centuries and the following Joseon dynasty (1392-1897) for about five centuries.
[2] See Hwang, “Unveiling,” 52-59.
[3] I hold that Early Silla moved its capital from the coastal region of the East Sea, the water edge of today’s mainland China to Gyeongju in the southeastern part of the Sea of Whales (the East Sea) of the Korean Peninsula during the period of Queen Naerae, the early third century CE (see [Table 3] and Appendix I). Naerae makes the end of the Aaerae lineage, her mother. After Naerae, the new royal matrilineage headed by Queen Mother Sulrye, mother of the 13th ruler Michu, takes place.
[4] Moderns spell the surname “Gim” as “Kim.” The royal Gim clan emerged last but provided the greatest number of rulers. The progenitors of both the Bak and the Gim, the 1st ruler Hyeokgeose and the 13th ruler Michu, were the sons of queens from the two major royal lineages (the Holy Mother lineage and the Sulrye lineage respectively), whereas the progenitor of the Seok, the 4th ruler Talhae, was an exogamous male who married Queen Ahyo of the first major royal matrilineage.
[5] Not only Sillans but also her contemporaries of Goguryeo and Baekje had ruler’s titles distinguished for those of China. “Titles for Rulers,” Namuwiki. accessed March 21, 2023.
https://namu.wiki/w/%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B9%AD%ED%98%B8.
[6] Silla led by Munmu the Great fought and defeated Tang China, the Silla Tang War (670-676), as the last war in realizing Unified Silla. His successors (his grandson, Seongdeok, and his great-grandson, Gyeongdeok) firmly established a diplomatic relationship with Tang. As the patriarchal system of Tang China was gradually adopted by Sillan rulers, a patriarchal religion of Buddhism began to gain state power in the Sillan royal house. Many male royal members studied Buddhism and became monks in Tang China. They propagated the diverse sects of Buddhism after returning home.
[7] The Budoji states that the ruler represents the heavenly principle or the matriversal nona system, not to be self-claimed, Chapter 20.
[8] By “equality or egalitarianism,” I don’t mean that I use the modern lens of the same words. Put differently, these notions are old in origin.
[9] The petroglyph, Cheonjeonri-seoseok in Ulsan, indicates that the title for the 23rd ruler Beopheung (r. 514-540) was first used in between the 11th and 21st years of his reign. See “Daewang” in Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture.
[10] Evince is strong that “Daewang (ruler the great)” refers to a wide range of deities not only the rulers but also nature deities, ancestor deities, village guardians, and other deities, under the rubric of the Daewang faith. Jong-Won Shin, History and Praxis of the Korean Daewang Faith (한국 대왕신앙의 역사와 현장) (Seoul: Iljisa 2018), 16.
[11] See “Hansuri Yeongdeung Shrine” Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, accessed on March 21, 2023, https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024733.